slacks and calluses Essay - 921 Words

Slacks and Calluses: Our Summer in a Bomber Factory Women had different perspectives during World War 2. Many served in different branches of armed forces. Some labored in war productions plants. Most women stayed at home and had other responsibilities to raise children, balance check books, and some labored in war-related office jobs, while the men went to war. In addition to factory work and other front jobs about 350,000 women joined the Armed services, serving at home and abroad. â€Å"Rosie the Riveter,† later became a popular propaganda for women. While women worked in a variety of positions closed to them the industry saw the greatest increase in female’s workers. More than 310,000 women worked in the U.S. aircraft industry in 1943,†¦show more content†¦The only time women were treated like ladies were when they wore skirts. People looked at these women as â€Å"working class,† and they were always being ignored and disrespected. Women were not t aken seriously or given much attention. Employers denied women positions of power excluding them from the decision-making process of the company. Women wanted to be treated like the male workers and not given special consideration just because they were women. The country had no choice but to have the women in the factories. They needed their help and were not going to complain about it. They knew with extra hands that, that was going to be an easier way to win the war. The government called on to the women and without hesitation, they went. They answered to whatever work that needed to be done. They worked a 52 hour week at 68 cents per hour. They were all prepared and knew that their â€Å"summer jobs† would end soon. There work dominated their nights and days. Most of their work was outdoors as well. Even though some women would much rather be at home helping there families other ways they still managed to get their other job complete as well. Many people question if women went into the war because of patriotism or because they lacked other opportunities. Women responded to the call differently depending on age, race, class, marital status, and number of children. They switch from lower-paying female jobs to higher-paying factory jobs. While patriotism influenced women,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Slacks And Calluses742 Words   |  3 Pages Slacks and Calluses, presents the summer of 1943 from the perspective of Constance Bowman and Clara Marie Allen, two school teachers, who set aside summer vacation to help with war efforts in a bomber factory. Coming into the air craft industry, they had no idea what to expect, â€Å"We were the kind of girls who knew nothing about airplanes except that they had wings and they fly.† (p.1). Obstacles they faced included an unjust work place and harassment. Women who wore skirts and rings on their fingersRead MoreEssay On Slacks And Calluses884 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel Slacks and Calluses: Our Summer in a Bomber Factory is a story written about two women’s summer in an airplane factory during World War II. Constance Bowman Reid and Clara Marie Allen describe what life was like for women who worked in factories during this time. They explain how women’s apparel determined their social class and how they were treated; factories welcomed them into the workforce , but the world could not accept women being away from home; and some women worked out of patriotismRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Our Summer A Bomber Factory By Constance Bowman Reid1094 Words   |  5 PagesSlacks and Calluses: Our Summer in a Bomber Factory, written by Constance Bowman Reid, tells the true story of herself and her friend, Clara Marie Allen and their summer spent working in an airplane factory in order to help out during World War II. These two women portray the bravery that women during wartime displayed, while unknowingly changing the way society would view women forever. The story of Bowman Reid and Allen gives an inside look on what it is really like to be a factory working femaleRead MoreThe Work Study Job Of Transcribe Oral History Tapes From Richland Center, Wisconsin5921 Words   |  24 Pagesbettered the United States by educating our veterans. When women went to work in the factories during the war, it was an opportunity for them to leave their small towns and experience big city life. Like Constance Bowman Reid said in her book Slacks Calluses, â€Å"helping to build the bombers that are leading the invasion is exciting† . In the 1950s, small towns like Richland Center, WI were affected by â€Å"the rapid disappearance of small farms.† This mirrored the systematic organization of agricultureRead MoreThe Men on the Ridge1961 Words   |  8 Pagesdid and being we were only there a half-dozen times a year, that wasn’t likely. Papa had a way of picking the good ones — the ones he knew would respect his family and follow his lead without question. I was fourteen when Papa’s choice of men fell slack. Mama had passed in the winter and so had the baby boy she had tried so hard to deliver. I look back now and I wonder how Papa ever made it through such a tragedy being a man so deep in the love of family. I put his picture to my chest and cry when

Open Court Observation On Criminal Cases - 1335 Words

I chose to do my open-court observation on criminal cases. Criminal cases usually involve attorneys that try to prove their argument to the judge. I felt as though this setting would be more interesting to sit and observe versus a civil case where you have two people trying to settle a dispute. Its interesting to see how actual attorneys and judges act in a courtroom instead of what is portrayed on TV. My local courthouse which is in a police station holds preliminary hearings. A preliminary hearing is where the judge decides if there is enough evidence that there was a crime committed and you committed a crime. If the prosecutor fails to do this, then some or all the charges filed against you can be dismissed. There was two different parts to this process that I saw during my observation. The first one is when the defendant waives their hearing. Then the second being where the defendant decides to go through with the hearing. During my observation there was about ten cases, and all but two of them followed through with the hearing. This was very surprising to me as I watched because I couldn’t understand why someone wouldn’t want to at least see if the prosecution had sufficient evidence against them. Also it doesn’t even give their lawyer a chance to argue on their behalf against the prosecution. The first formal person to walk into the courtroom was the public defender. I watched as he called out names, and spoke briefly to nearly every person in the room. My immediateShow MoreRelatedCourtroom Observation Experience Involved Watching Four Trials1685 Words   |  7 PagesMy courtroom observation experience involved watching four trials in Remand Court. Each case stood out in a different way, leaving me with several questions about the legal system. I wonder about the effect of court system on adolescent offenders their reintegration into society. I also question the effectiveness of the defense that public defenders provide. My last thought involves the possibility that judges may be biased in making their decisions. One of the things that stood out to me inRead MoreFour Basic Components of the Fifth Amendment1382 Words   |  5 PagesInstead, new charges would have to be filed showing the individual violated another area of the law. (Sundahl, 2011) Due process is when all criminal suspects are guaranteed that they will have the ability to question the evidence against them in an open format. This is where they are entitled to the same protections and procedures as everyone else during a criminal proceeding. As a result, anything that is denying them of these safeguards is violation of their basic rights. (Sundahl, 2011) The rightRead MoreUsing Thermal Scanning Technology Without Permission1120 Words   |  5 Pagesyou for your civil rights. The government cannot proceed with an unreasonable search. (Kyllo v. Unites States) The court issued a 5-4 decision (AFFIRMING) or overturning (circle one) the original court decision (usually referencing the district court decision). (2 points) Explain the court s decision (majority opinion) (8 points): Justice Scalia delivered the opinion of the Court: The question whether a warrantless search of a home is reasonable and hence constitutional must be answered no inRead MoreCase Analysis : The Counsel For The Accused Was Mr. Bryan, And The Crown Lawyers1090 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of Facts This case’s file number was VA 27088, and was taking place in Courtroom 75, at 10:00 am. The counsel for the accused was Mr. Bryan, and the Crown lawyers were Mrs. Steele and Mrs. Kilgore. The case was about Mr. Hamdan, a thirty-three years old man lived in Fort St. John, who accused of posting terrorist propaganda online. He also creates a website that has instructions and rewards listed for a person who carries out a terrorist activity. The crown charged him with â€Å"counseling toRead MoreSocial Constructionism Theory Of Crime And Media1253 Words   |  6 PagesStates Supreme Court and Superior State courts to both protect the publics’ right to free speech, and the rapid rise of electronic media sources that followed the constitutional right’s expansion. The ever-fluctuating court cases and changing legal definitions are in part results due to the Bill of Rights’ first and sixth amendments, which ensure free speech of the press and the right to fair trial respectively. The first amendment grants the press open access to trials and court records due toRead MorePrison Industrial Complex ( Pic )1472 Words   |  6 PagesPrison Industrial Complex (PIC) is a term we use to depict the interests of government and industry that utilization observation, policing, and detainment as answers for what may be, in fact, monetary, social, and political issues. Through its range and effect, the jail modern complex secures the power of individuals who get their energy through racial, monetary and other auxiliary benefits by shielding current power conveyances. It benefits government and industry, and in addition those peopleRead MoreEssay about Justice System: A Personal Experience1243 Words   |  5 PagesCA for the morning session. My goal entering there was to watch the process of a criminal trial since I felt that would be the most interesting and would allow me the opportunity to witness all the working parts of our justice system in act ion. While waiting for the criminal trial to open its doors and start, I managed to come across a post- arraignment court, where I was able to watch a different side of our criminal justice system. This is the side that enforces the punishment and makes sure thatRead MoreThe United Nations Security Council1740 Words   |  7 Pages42-year rule. The International Criminal Court first became involved in Libya on 26 February 2011. On that date, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) passed Resolution 1970, which referred the case of Libya to the International Criminal Court. According to the language of the resolution, the UNSC (2011) â€Å"decides to refer the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February 2011 to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court† (para. 24). Additionally the UNSC (2011)Read MoreData Collection Techniques And Methods1316 Words   |  6 Pagesdata collection techniques in many cases vary along a continuum, for instance at one end of the continuum are the quantitative methods and techniques while of the other side are the qualitative techniques for data collection (Kuada, 2012). In both qualitative and quantitative techniques, there are there are various methods used for data collection. In qualitative research for instance, the various data collection tec hniques used include interviews, observations, and focus group discussions amongRead MorePolice Crimes And Possession Of An Illegal Weapon1133 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Name: Shannon Henry CRJU 2100 Criminal Justice Externship (60159) Date Turned In: 8/31/2016 Date/Time of Observation: 8/24/2016 Court: DeKalb County Courthouse â€Å"court-criminal division† Room: 7A Case Name: state vs. Jerrell shorter Case #: 16CR1187 Incident date: 10/22/2015 Judge: Hon. Clorence F. Seeliger District Attorney â€Å"Prosecutor†: Mr. Roderick Wilkerson, (assistant) Mrs. Tia Patterson Defense Attorney: Mrs. Lee Ann Feeley Defendant’s Charges: 2 count felony murder, 2 count armed

Rethinking Marx’s Concept of Class Does the emergence of...

It is doubtless that Marx’s concept of Class was very remarkable particularly at the 19th century era, when the implication of The Age of Reason (Aufklarung) in Europe had contributed significant supports of changes in the development of sciences and the historical of thought at that time. Nevertheless, Marx progressive thought that was manifested in the concept of class has been questioned for decades since its capacity is considered ‘limited’ and somehow ‘irrelevant’ if it is applied to the contemporary social phenomena in the late 20th and the beginning of 21st century. Therefore, class as the unit of analysis is viewed to be no longer applicable and comprehensive to answer the complex and ‘sophisticated’ problems prevailing on recent†¦show more content†¦Identity in postmodernist tradition is seen as a construct shaped in a discursive context. The concept of identity politics is under the light of anti-essentialism that later widely acknowledged among the â€Å"subalterns†. The postcolonial studies used this term to â€Å"those social groups—migrants, shantytown dwellers, displaced tribes, refuges, untouchable castes, the homeless—that either do not posses, or are prevented from possessing class consciousness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Glossary of Postcolonial Reader: 509). Similar explanation proposed by Young that subaltern is a name for subordinate individuals and groups who do not possess a general ‘class consciousness’. Moreover, Chatterjee highlights that they are both subordinate by ‘accepting’ the immediate reality of power relations, which dominate and exploit them; but on the contrary has the will to assert their autonomy (Slemon, Postcolonial Reader: An Anthology: 110) Let’s again draw our attention to the matter of Identity Politics versus Class Politics. However, I am not completely agreed nor disagree with Gitlin and Tomasky’s statement inasmuch as it sound to ‘dogmatise’ the modern politics perspective with its universalism and radical humanism of collective consciousness of class. It is true that there is â€Å"a cul-de-sac of ethnic particularism, race consciousness, sexual politics, and radical feminism† nowadays, but we ought to be very careful notShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed:Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdone some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd

Disadvantages Of Free Trade For Canada Essay - 1468 Words

Disadvantages of Free Trade for Canada: For every upside, there is a downside, and this certainly is the case for free trade in Canada. The successes listed above, also appeared in the United States and Mexico, which impacted our country. For every job that was created for them, some were lost elsewhere. Ontario, in result of jobs created elsewhere,: Lost hundreds of thousands of good manufacturing jobs. Those jobs went to States in the U.S. where unions are made weak by legislation, and to Mexico where unions are made weak by free trade zones where union rights are virtually nonexistent. Formerly Canadian products can now be made in low wage states, where unions are virtually banned, and there are no inconvenient social protections like occupational health and safety rules, or public health care, quality education, or decent social assistance rates; and then these products can be sold back into Canada without tariffs or any kind of barriers. Admittedly, during NAFTA s first nine years, employment in Canada grew by over 19% but this period of Canadian job gains under NAFTA should be set against the prior, six-year period, of heavy job losses under CUFTA. Between CUFTA and NAFTA, from 1988 - 1994, Canada lost 334,000 manufacturing jobs, equivalent to 17% of total manufacturing employment in the year before CUFTA came into effect. In 2002, Canada was â€Å"marked by a superficially impressive increase of 560,000 jobs in Canada, but 40% of them were part-time and another 17%Show MoreRelatedThe Role Of Regional Integration Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesdramatically increased internationational trade and cultural exchange. This paper will analyze the role of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) in promoting global business. Besides NAFTA, regional integrations such as: EU, APEC, ASEAN, CAFTA, or others may be discussed for the purpose of comparing advantages and disadvantages of regional integration. Also discussed will be the economic development stages of countries within NAFTA (United States, Canada, and Mexico) and any ramifications of NAFTARead MoreMgt 448 Week 2 Paper688 Words   |  3 Pagesassociated with trades of goods, services and the factors of produced goods between countries (Hill, 2004). As this paper will demonstrate a proper analysis of how integration will promote global advantages in business, and will deliberate the disadvantages and advantages of integration. Therefore touching basis of contrast and comparing the development of economic stages within a region and the effect on the process of development of business globally. (NAFTA) North American Free Trade AgreementRead MoreFree Trade And Trade Agreements1408 Words   |  6 PagesFree Trade Free trade is a policy in which the government does not interfere against imports or impedes with exports by applying tariffs (Encyclopedia, 2015). Free trade is about removing barriers like tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions. Tariffs are taxes that the countries enforce on imported goods and services, they are set in place to make trade harder. This ultimately causes the price of goods and services for consumers to be more expensive. Quotas are a limited quantity countries putRead MoreHistory Of The North American Free Trade Agreement Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesNAFTA Controversy The purpose of this document is to explore the history of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the effects NAFTA has had on Canada, the United States of America (specifically American labor and job market) and Mexico. It will also delve into the current state of NAFTA, the advantages and disadvantages to American economy and what the future holds for this historic trade agreement. NAFTA has effected many parts of the world and not just the three countries who originallyRead MoreEu vs Nafta1729 Words   |  7 Pagesareas, â€Å"peaceful co-existence† and some form of â€Å"stricter ties† between the EU and NAFTA would prove to be beneficial for both. Introduction The NAFTA and the European Union comprising of 27 countries comprise the biggest blocs in the world. The two trade blocs are also highly interdependent through foreign direct investment. In 2007, stocks of FDI in the NAFTA were 1.25 trillion euros while relevant figure of the NAFTA in the EU bloc was about 1.15 trillion euros. In 2008, the value of exports of goodsRead MoreThe World Trade Organization ( Wto )1466 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational organization was created in 1995, named as the World Trade Organization (WTO), whose members could import and export products with each other, create agreements between two or more countries and control disagreements on trade between countries (WTO website). This organization would make trade easier and more effective to its members and eventually promote a sense of development (Litonjua, 2010, 45). Two members of the WTO are Canada and the United Kingdom, which are both categorized as DevelopedRead MoreFree Trade : U.s. A And Canada1373 W ords   |  6 PagesFREE TRADE BETWWEN U.S.A AND CANADA The first thing we should understand is what is what is FREE TRADE or the meaning of FREE TRADE The definition which I can think of is Free trade is international policy where governments doesn’t create any restriction and on goods and other materials to import or export smoothly and no heavy taxes are applied so that both countries can operate smoothly and gain profit. OR The treaty in which 2Read MorePros and Cons of Nafta Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesPros and cons of NAFTA NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, has been getting a lot of not so favorable, and sometimes, controversial headlines in recent years. Some critics blame it for the current labor shortages in the United States, due to the fact that most U.S. companies have been and continue to outsource and ship jobs overseas. However, its proponents have been hailing it as a great success in helping lowering national prices on certain manufactured goods and services andRead MoreEssay Regional Analysis: North American Free Trade Agreement1482 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Free Trade Agreement In todays globalized economies, virtually every country in the world belongs to some form of regional integrated trade organization whether by direct membership, bilateral or multilateral agreement. Regional integration is a process by which sovereign states in a particular region enter into an agreement to promote economic growth through the reduction of barriers to trade restrictions and safeguard common interests such as the environment. The removal of trade barriersRead MoreCanada Joining Trans-Pacific Partnership Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Pros and Cons of Canada Joining Trans-Pacific Partnership Trans-Pacific Partnership is a trade block that seeks to bring together countries from the Asian continent with those in the South and North America, especially those sharing the pacific coastline. The partnership was initiated by a total of four countries including Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore. However, since its establishment in the year 2005, the number of interested parties has increased to the current 12 countries

Walmart Free Essays

WAL-MART’S COST LEADERSHIP STRATEGY HISTORY OF WALMART ? 1962, Sam Walton starts WAL-MART ? In 5 years expanded to 24 stores revenue more than 12. 6 million in sales ? 1972, listed in New York Stock Exchange MARKETS OF WAL-MART (2003) o Total Sale of Wal-mart o Total Retail Area o Total Employers US $ 313 Billion 663 Million Sq. ft. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1700,000 SALES INCOME GROWTH (PAST 12 MONTH) COMPANY INDUSTRY SALES GROWTH INCOME GROWTH 12. 00% 5. 20% 11. 50% 5. 90% NET PROFIT MARGINS (%) COMPANY COMPANY 5YEAR AVG. INDUSTRY 3. 6% 3. 5% 3. 6% WAL-MART TODAY ? Operates 6,500 stores in 15 countries ? Serves more than 176 million customers around the globe ? Employs 1. 8 million worldwide ? Health plans insure more than 1 million people ? Saves the average American household more than $2,300 per year Let us start the journey†¦. 1960’s†¦.. The Success Term was EDLP ? EVERY DAY LOW PRICING ? To provide customers – a wide variety of high quality, branded and unbranded products at the lowest possible price, offering better value for their money EDLP : The strategy ? To procure products in bulk at the lowest possible prices from the manufacturers ? Sharing the savings with customers ? Wal-Mart’s products were usually priced 20% lower than its competitors Wal-Mart’s advertisement describing EDLP said: â€Å"Because you work hard for your every dollar, you deserve the lowest price we can offer every time you make a purchase. You deserve our Every Day Low Price. It’s not a sale; it’s a great price you can count on every day to make your dollar go further at WalMart † Explaining his pricing strategy Mr. Sam Walton said: â€Å" By cutting your price, you can boost your sales to a point where you earn far more at the cheaper retail price than you would have by selling the item at the higher price. In retailer language; you can lower your markup but earn more because of the increased volume† EDLP : WAS A HIT ? This led to increase loyalty from priceconscious rural customers. ? The surplus generated was re-invested in – Building facilities of an efficient scale – Purchasing modern business related equipment – And employing the latest technology Other areas where the cost was checked ? The stores were set up in large buildings, while ensuring that the rent paid was minimal ? Not much emphasis was laid on the interiors of the store ? Did not invest in standardized ordering programmes ? Did not even have a standard distribution system in place ? Accounting data were manually written-up ? There was a high check in recruiting the staff 1970’s†¦. ? Wal-Mart became public-held company ? Equipped with funds, it started reorganizationing its business activities. ? The foremost challenge was to put in place a standard distribution and interstore communication system ? So it came up with the most popular Hub And Spoke Structure The Hub And Spoke Structure ? Goods were centrally ordered ? Assembled at the distribution center (hub) ? From where they were dispatched to the individual stores (spokes) as per the orders received from stores. STORE STORE D. C. STORE STORE The benefits of Hub and Spoke structure ? Centralized purchase of goods in huge quantities ? Distribution of them through its own fast and responsive logistics infrastructure to the retail stores ? By passing all intermediaries, they managed to get the goods at lowest price ? The company was able to replenish the store twice a week ? In 1978, Wal-Mart became the first company to establish a fullyautomated distribution center Claude Harris once stated that : â€Å"Don’t ever feel sorry for a vendor. He always knows what he can sell, and we want his bottom price. We would tell the vendors ‘ don’t leave in any room for a kickback because we don’t do it here. † Massive expansion strategy ? Strategy was to build stores around the distribution centers ? That is to be effectively served by the center and controlled by district managers and to management at Bentonville ? The store needs to be a maximum of a day’s drive away from the center Benefits of massive expansion strategy Wal-Mart was able to accelerate its revenue growth and reap significant economies of scale ? As the number of store increased the popularity of the company increased ? Since the company generated tremendous word of mouth publicity, it was able to minimize spending on advertising and promotion activities 1980’s†¦.. Maintaining cost through re-investment ? In 1983, Wal-Mart ventured into the membership club business – called Sam’s Club ? Installed the Point of Sale (POS) scanning system to further reduce the cost Maintaining cost through re-investment (contd. ) In 1987, it installed a Satellite Communication System (SCS) ? In December 1987, Wal-Mart opened its first hyper-mart in the US 1990’s†¦.. ? Supercenters and Sam’s club were more focused to fuel the growth ? In 1994, Wal-Mart bought 99 Pace membership warehouses Wal-Mart’s store count (1991-2003) Format________ year 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Discount Sam’s club stores 1573 1720 1850 1953 1990 Super center 3 6 30 68 143 Neighbourhood markets – 148 208 256 419 428 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1995 1960 1921 1869 1801 1736 1647 433 436 443 564 721 888 1066 219 44 441 451 463 475 500 1 1 7 19 31 2003 1568 1258 525 49 Source : Wal-Mart Annual Report 2003 ? Employed improved inventory m anagement practices and upgraded its IT systems ? Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) AND THE RESULTS WERE GOOD†¦. ? Amount of inventory reduced by an estimated $ 2 billion ? Savings of $ 150 million on interest cost were generated 2000’s†¦.. ? Wal-Mart launched a programme called ‘Store of the community’ ? ‘Global Sourcing’ was initiated (2002) Strengths of Wal-Mart Wal-mart’s SUBSIDIARIES Discount stores Neighbourhood market Sam’s Club Super center Yearly sales Total employees across the globe (approximately) Number of stores worldwide Number of new stores opened in 2003 (worldwide) Total number of suppliers Wal-Mart’s rank/position among all retailers across the globe (in terms of sales) Number of pallets shipped by Wal-Mart truck every week (2002) Total occupied floor area of Wal-Mart (2002) Yearly advertising expenditure (2002) Highest one-day sales record till date (November 28, 2003) Number of customers every week at Wal-Mart stores worldwide (approximately) Estimated market capitalization of Wal-Mart in 2020 Source : Wal-Mart Annual Report 2003 244. 5 billion 1. 3 million 4,688 274 65,000 1 50 million 18. 3 square miles $498 million $1. 52 billion 138 million $11. 1 trillion Revenue (%) of the major consumer goods companies in the US through Wal-Mart Company PG Tandy Brand’s Accessories RJR Tobacco Dial’s Del Monte Foods’ Clorox’ Revlon’s % Share (As a % of total sales) 17 % 39 % 20 % 28 24 % 23 % 23 % Source : BusinessWeek, October 2003 †¦. and the journey still continues †¦ PRESENTED BY :~ o o o o o o Prashant Wankhede Prajakta Sane R. Maruthi Yeshwanth Vikram Gharmalkar Mehul Chheda Nitin Agrawal How to cite Walmart, Papers

Investment Program for Energy Efficiency

Question: Describe about the value for money and Government sources of finance and funding decision making for Investment Program for Energy Efficiency? Answer: Introduction UK is one of the most developed nations of Europe. As the council of UK is looking to improvise its resources like electricity and water conservations which will helps to gain the clean energy system within its public offices and schools and hospitals (Albareda et al. 2010). In order to do so the company is looking for the several prgrammes and the projects this will be helpful in gaining clean energy resources within the UK public offices. This will helpful the company to gain the top position in the EU and world for clean energy resources within the UK public offices (Bladh, 2010). The study will also takes us through the various investment appraisals system which will help to analyse the best alternative programmes for the UK council. The study will also focus on the funding part of the study which will shows the council where to avail the funding. Value for money: UK is known for the low carbon economy in the current world market, public sector of UK is looking to lead by examples (Aras and Crowther, 2012). The prime minister of UK Mr. David Cameron on may 2010 has announce that, government offices, schools and hospital will be removed which may become the company to make them greenest government ever. The central government would come up new ideas and new form of energy resources which will help to reduce its carbon dioxide by 11% within the coming 12 months. prime minister of the also committed to 5 year plan to reduce the green house gases by more than 30% in coming years from the public offices, schools and the hospitals (Johansson, 2014). Local council has announced to invest more than 5 million for the introducing the clean energy system within these local offices. With the help of the project called Greening, Government Commitments is only for the public companies where government is looking to reduce more than 25% of the carbon emission via Led light , water conservation programmes and solar form of energy to save electricity (Bozorgi, 2015). Some of the explains of the public sector organization in UK are been able to successful reduce the energy consumption are Depart of energy and Climate change and Hospital like South Manchester has bale to reduce the electricity by 44% and electricity by 6% which makes the saving worth of more than 400,000 per annum (Easley and OHara, 2009). With the help of case study of the Kent county council, it has been found that, these council has been able to invest in the renewable form of energy and water efficiency improvements across the state and schools by upgrading the street lamp by LED and implementing the large solar PV installations in schools which was one of the project where the council has invested more than 358000 just for 3 years (Bacher, 2009). Apart from that, another major cases like oxford case of air conditioning system to save 161/Co2 per years which helps the council to gain worth of 42000 per years. However, the government of the local council of the oxford has invested more than 45000 (Barth and Wolff, 2009). Sources and uses of finance information for local government One of the major assessment shows that, making capital investment should be made as per the long term goals not the short goals (Campbell, 2009). The funding requirement considers the actual life of the project in compare top the sources of funding. Budget preparation as one of the major techniques which will help the council to understand which project would be feasible for the UK offices (Amihud and Mendelson, 2010). Although energy efficiency project gives the long term gain in future which is also an investment opportunity but maintenance of the energy efficiency cost is another major part which is also one of the major concern for the local council (Campbell, 2006). While assessing the energy efficiency schemes maintenance cost and operating cost must need to taken into considerations. With the help of various project appraisals system like NPV (Net present value), Payback period, and IRR will give an insight to the total return on investment in future (Carroll, 2008). However, each of them has own strengths and weakness: Payback period: It is one of the most effective ways to understand the ROI return years. The lower the year the higher would be chances of the accepting the project. However, it does not consider the time value of money (Vine, 2008). NPV: It is one of the most permanent way to appraise the chosen project. It considers time value of money. However, the difference between the cost of energy and differs can be differ from the wider level of inflations (Liddle, 2012). Apart from the above other major funding would be expected budget for the project will set the standard cost. The expected budget considers the profit and loss statements, balance sheet and cash flow statements (Cheney and Roper, 2010). The expected budget with more than 3 years would give the idea of the investment and return of investment which will help the council to work as per set standards (La Port et al. 2009). Expenditure day book: Expenditure day book will have credit and cash information where the local council will be able to understand actual cost spending. Apart from that, with the help of startup funding, council will be able to keep track of the project (Crane et al. 2009). There is been ample evidence which that expenditure day is one of the major information which will help the council and government to understand whether the project is variable or not (Ibrahim and Parsa, 2007). Apart from the above, public sector organization to fund energy efficiency project along with consideration of risk management , due diligence , audit trail and transparency compliance are some of the obligations which is needed to be fulfill before going to purse the implementation of energy efficiency resources within the UK (Jones, 2010). Government sources of finance and funding decision making Some of the major sources of finance are given below: Foundation and trust: One of the major funding of the projects comes from the foundation and trusts which regulate and monitor the prudential borrowings (Bozorgi, 2015). For hospitals, NHS is one of the major foundations where the prudential borrowing limited is being reviewed and foundation gives the long term borrowings to the hospital for the implement the energy efficiency project within the public hospitals (Cooper, 2010). Universities: Another major funding comes from the British universities which take active part in energy efficiency environment to ensure future surroundings would be more energy efficient. The British universities have their own Treasury Management policies which help the council adequately sufficient of the fund for the energy efficiency projects (Kesicki and Yanagisawa, 2014). Salix scheme: Salix funding is scheme which has been granted by the DECC and which is interest free loans for the energy efficiency projects for public sectors units (Faulkender and Petersen, 2009). Loans are given with certain criteria like maximum period and actual carbon saved by the public companies with programmes like solar and LED lamp (Johansson, 2014). Salix Scheme has helps the Bristol council for the funding of the up gradation of street light lamp from high energy bulb to the ceramic metal LED lamp (Lopez et al. 2011). This new and advance technology helps them to level the lightening as per the weather conditions which ultimately reduce the energy (Bozorgi, 2015). Salix scheme has funded worth of 2.1 million which was now generating annual savings of the more than 5000,00 within the 2 years. Apart from that, Salix scheme also helps St. Andrews university by funding the with 2 million which saves more than 600,000 per annum by installing, boiler , motor control system sand LED lamp within the colleges with average payback period is 4 years (Maignan and Ferrell, 2008). Green Investment bank of UK: The introduction of this bank is to fund only the energy efficiency projects within and across the UK. The GIB has been one of the major funding houses for the government in order to support the non domestic energy efficiency projects (Lichtenberg, 1977). GIB financing is not only funding the project but also taken initiates to self help implementation of LED street lamp and NHS energy efficiency. Some of the major work of GIB over the years is very much related to the building remunerations by led lamp and insulation (Van Marrewijk, 2011). Renewable heat and Green transport like bicycle within the university are some of the major landmark achieve by the banks. Accounting and financing helps the council to understand the actual cost and excepted cost which will be helpful for the implementation of projects (Valerie et al. 2010). The financial statements are very much useful because of the timeliness of the information that helps to gain actual time finishing of the project. Accounting language helps in processing document all aspect of business financial performance from payroll cost, capital expenditure and sale revenue etc (MariĆ¡ et al. 2011). Conclusion From the above study, it has been found that sources finance required for the funding the energy efficiency resources within the UK offices and hospitals. There are various programme like solar panel and LED lamp are some of the major value for money projects which will help the council to earn more than 120000 per annum from the investment of more than 5 million. There has been numerous sources of finance houses like GIB, Foundation like NHS and EIB. Reference List Books Albareda, L., Lozano, J. M. and Ysa, T. (2010) Public policies on corporate social responsibility: The role of governments in Europe. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 391407. Aras, G. and Crowther, D. (2012) Business Strategy and Sustainability. 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Bacher, C., (2009). Corporate Social Responsibility. 4th ed. New York: Business Expert Press. Barth, R. and Wolff, F. (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe: Rhetoric and Realities. 6th ed. New York, London: Routledge. Campbell, J. L. (2009) Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways? An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32, 946967. Campbell, J. L. (2006) Institutional Analysis and the Paradox of Corporate Social Responsibility. American Behavioral Scientist 49(7): 925-938 Carroll, A.B. (2008) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Business Horizons 34(4): 39-49 Cheney, G. and Roper, J. (2010) The Debate Over Corporate Social Responsibility. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Crane, A. et al. (2009) CSR: Readings and Cases in a Global Context, 6th ed. Sydney: Routledge Journals Bladh, M. (2010). Energy efficient lighting meets real home life. Energy Efficiency, 4(2), pp.235-245. Bozorgi, A. (2015). Integrating value and uncertainty in the energy retrofit analysis in real estate investmentnext generation of energy efficiency assessment tools. Energy Efficiency. Johansson, M. (2014). Improved energy efficiency within the Swedish steel industrythe importance of energy management and networking. Energy Efficiency. Kesicki, F. and Yanagisawa, A. (2014). Modelling the potential for industrial energy efficiency in IEAs World Energy Outlook. Energy Efficiency, 8(1), pp.155-169. Lichtenberg, A. (1977). Energy efficiency and energy savings. Energy, 2(3), pp.283-286. Liddle, B. (2012). OECD energy intensity. Energy Efficiency, 5(4), pp.583-597. Vine, E. (2008). Breaking down the silos: the integration of energy efficiency, renewable energy, demand response and climate change. Energy Efficiency, 1(1), pp.49-63. Husted, B. W. and Allen, D. B. (2009) Corporate social strategy in multina- Corporate social strategy in multinational enterprises: Antecedents and values creation. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 345361. Ibrahim, N. and Parsa, F. (2007) Corporate Social Responsiveness Orientation: Are there differences between US and French Managers? Review of Business 26(1): 27-33 Jones, D. R. (2010) Leadership strategies for sustainable development: A case study of Suma Whole foods. Business Strategy the Environment, 9(6), 378389. Lopez, M., Garcia, A. and Rodriguez, L. (2011) Sustainable development and corporate performance: A study based on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. Journal of Business Ethics, 75, 285300. Maignan, I. and Ferrell, O.C. (2008) Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case if the Unites States and France Journal of Business Ethics 23(3): 283-297 Tebo, P. V. (2011) Building business value through sustainable growth. Research Technology Management, 48(5), 2832. Van Marrewijk, M. (2011) Concepts and dentitions of CSR and corporate sustainability: between agency and communion. Journal of Business Ethics 44: 95105 Valerie, G., Cook, C. and Ali, A. (2010) "Using net present value methods to evaluate quality improvement projects", International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 27(3), pp.333 - 350 MariĆ¡, B., KamberoviĆ¡, B. and Radlovacki, V. (2011) Observing the dependence between dynamic indicators of investment profitability - Relative net present value and internal rate of return, African Journal of Business Management, 5(26), pp. 10331-10337 Amihud, Y. and Mendelson, H. (2010) The liquidity route to a lower cost of capital, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 12, 525 Easley, D. and OHara, M. (2009) Information and the Cost of Capital, The Journal of Finance, 59(4), 1553-83. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (2009) Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation, Journal of Finance, 57, 114770 Cooper, I. (2010) Asset pricing implications of nonconvex adjustment costs and irreversibility of investment, Journal of Finance 61, 139-170 Faulkender, M., and Petersen, M. A. (2009) Does the source of capital affect capital structure?, Review of Financial Studies 19, 45-79.

Master of Information Technology

Question: Discuss about the Master of Information Technology. Answer: Introduction: The Grand Wines Ltd. Organization is working on changing their manual working system to automatic working system. The change in working platform helps the organization to overcome the issues associated with the manual working of the system such as it helps in raising the confidence and satisfaction in the employees, helps in attracting new customers which in turn raise the profit of the enterprise, reduces the loss of inventory, provide the products to the customer within time, raise the satisfaction of the customer, easy retrieval of information, and much more. The proposed system to develop the automatic platform is by the implementation of wireless data entry system by making use of wireless data entry devices (Hall, 2012). The recommended system helps in reducing the error done by the human in regards of updating the information of availability of stock in the database which results in the wrong calculation of profit. The employees of the Grand wines company have the calibre to a dopt the new system in the working curriculum (Bakorous, 2013). The profit of the organization can be maximized by using the new system i.e. Wireless Data Entry System. The implementation of the new system requires some changes in the traditional working environment such as installation of the remote server at Sidney (Head office of Grand Wines Ltd.) and wireless data entry devices at remote offices of the firm. The customers and employees can retrieve accurate information from the database about the availability and non-availability of the stock (Bodea, 2012). In scope activities Out of Scope activities Acceptance Criteria Assumption The recommended project of wireless data entry system should be able to provide correct information regarding the availability of stock (Patrick, 2015). The recommended system helps in reducing the error done by the human in regards of updating the information of availability of stock in the database which results in the wrong calculation of profit. Profit of the organization can be maximised (Leus, 2008). No physical meeting should be arranged for gathering information regarding the requirement of the customers (Sawant, 2014). The recruitment of new employees in not needed for using the proposed system The proposed project is acceptable if it is able to build satisfaction and confidence in the employees. The new system should provide accurate information of the stock. It resolves all the problem of the manual working environment. The employees of the Grand wines company have the calibre to adopt the new system in the working curriculum. New customers can be attracted Work Breakdown structure of Wireless Data entry System: The following diagram shows the complete breakdown of activities which are required in developing the wireless data entry system for the organization. There are four phases involved in the development cycle of the proposed system which are categorised as planning, analysing, designing, and implementation. Every phase is composed of sub-activities. The planning phase of the new system will start on 26 January, 2017 and the process of implementation will be completed on 26 July, 2017. The owner of the company has provided six months to develop the project for the organization to make working platform automatic within the budget of 60000. Gantt chart for Grand Wines Ltd.: Budget Details: Items Proposed Cost(AWD) Cost of hardware in installing wireless data entry system 21500 Software cost related with making compatible use of wireless data entry devices 13500 Implementation cost of wireless data entry system and devices 8500 Testing cost of new system 10500 Training and development program cost 3500 Miscellaneous and other cost 2500 Total Budget 60000 Risk Register: Risk associated with the project Explanation The technology is not proved to its full extent The complete functions of the new system are not used by the employees (Ahuja, 2014). Defective wireless data entry system The defective system gets implemented in the organization which results in improper working of the system Technology is inefficient The proposed technology is inefficient in resolving all the issues associated with the manual working environment The hardware and software are incompatible to each other The wireless data entry devices are incompatible with the existing hardware and software of the organization Documentation The difference can be seen in the actual working of the system and its associated documentation Employees incompatibility The employees are not readily admit the proposed system References: Hall, N. (2012).Project management: Recent developments and research opportunities(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=project%20management%20research%20papersource=webcd=cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwiSzaePl9rRAhXEKo8KHZfSBD0QFggjMAEurl=https://wiki.rit.edu/download/attachments/67469449/text1.pdfusg=AFQjCNH8_OlIzV6T5R3DM_FjDub458qZ9g Bakorous, B. (2013).Project management: Dissemination of innovation and knowledge management technique (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.adi.pt/docs/innoregio_pmanagement.pdf Leus, R. (2008). Project scheduling under uncertainty: survey and research potentials (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e67b/103f35f7ab52bb8412ed027f2458830ecf38.pdf Bodea, N. (2012).Complex Project scheduling using multi agents methods: A case study for research project (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://ie.technion.ac.il/serveng/References/MultiProject_Scheduling_and_Control.pdf Sawant, K. (2014).Survey paper for software project scheduling and staffing problem (1st ed.). https://www.ijarcce.com/upload/2014/march/IJARCCE7G%20%20%20a%20nandkishor%20SURVEY%20PAPER%20FOR.pdf Patrick, N. (2015). Research Grant Proposals: Sample Section.(1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/about/foundation/research/Documents/Sample%20Proposal-Schedules.pdf Ahuja, V. (2014). Project scheduling and monitoring: current research status (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/14714170410814980